INTRODUCTION:

The carpet industry is a de-centralized industry and where skills are passed on from one generation to another. The Mughal king Akbar is prominence with the introduction of pile carpets into India, but Jahangir and Shahjahan have brought the art of Indian carpets to its prominence. The Indian handmade carpet industry is an export-oriented industry and has a significant contribution in the country’s rural economy, which helps in providing employment. The production of hand knotted carpet is conservatively and labour in depth. The carpet industry has provided 2 million jobs to rural and urban areas both.

The demand for carpet industry in the international market has decline due to change in less durable, favour of cheaper and modern design carpet rather than most costly, longer lasting and tradition design carpet.

Step of carpet manufacturing

Weaver has huge potential but lack of carpet demand they do not get appropriate job and wages regularly. The Persian design carpet manufacturing is its primary attraction over the world wide but the labor and weaver of the carpet manufacturing get very low wages because of entrepreneurs and other medium of exporter. They are exploited by middleman in every aspect and the wages are so less. Despite all these problems the share of carpet export from India has been increased. Indian carpet is export oriented Industry. India has made miraculous progress in hand knotted carpet export. 80% of total Indian carpet production are exported. Bhadohi district granted GI tag in 2010. “Handmade carpet of Bhadohi” is known all over the world. In 9 district Bhadohi, Mirzapur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Sonbhadra, Kaushambi, Chandauli would be tagged “handmade carpet of Bhadohi”. India’s 400-year old traditional carpet industry has professional weaves, which are world famous for their versatility, quality of workmanship and commercial flexibility (Yasmin and Bhat 2013).

Objective of the study:

1. To examine the relationship between wage earning of male and female workers in the carpet industry.

Hypothesis of the study:

H0: There is no significant relationship between wage earning of male and female workers in the carpet industry

H1: There is significant relationship between wage earning of male and female workers in the carpet industry.

Review of literature:

The manufacturing of carpet has gone through many drastic changes since 1991, and export of carpet has faced a positive growth trend and shaped lives of people and economy as well. Many researchers have analyzed the changing paradigm of Indian carpet sector growth story and its role in generating employment to the millions of people. Naseem and Iqbal (1991) has argued that increased ratio of unemployment, inadequate resource distribution and over population are the factors those push children in child labour. Poverty is main cause that push the children in child labour. It is observed that children involve in this industry due to comparatively better earning as compare to non-hazardous work ferdoos Amber (2006) has find out that the status of women in Pakistan is not homogeneous because of interaction of gender with other forms of exclusion in the society. Lack of skills, limited opportunities in the jobs, social and cultural restrictions have limited women’s chance to complete in the public area and this situation has led to the social and economic dependency of women in the society. In Pakistan unequal social status and power of men and women are main enabling factors that controls women which defines women’s status as dependent and inferior in the labour market. On the basis of secondary data, he finds out that female participation rate was merely 14% of the total labour force.

Hansen and Rosell, (2012) have analysed that according to industry estimates 90% of carpet weaving occurred in household using family labour and only 10% of the looms were operated by hired workers in factories, many of factories were small and most shed owners were not wealthy and they owned only a small number of looms and employed a handful of workers including children. The base of the industry’s socio-economic structure was the individual weaver at a loom, but the exporter and largest manufacturers at the top were usually separated them from weaver by layers of middlemen.

Shazli Tasneem and Munir Abdul (2014), “female Work Participation in Handloom Industry: A Case study of Mubarakpur Town Azamgarh District” has used primary data collected through questionnaire and said that weaving is the major occupation of Mubarakpur town as there is high concentration of handlooms. The major reasons which force them to do work in handlooms are economic necessity, unemployment, poverty, low income, low literacy and large family size.

Saudagar Heena, Zeeshan Mohammad and Sharma Shrikant, (2017) in their study “Women’s Decision Making and Mobility in Carpet Industry: Study of Bhadohi District.” have used a decision making index to measure the empowerment of adult females engaged in the carpet industry. In this index they used decision making power, socio economic variables and demographic factors etc. They find out the adult females in the carpet industry have a low degree of decision making. This reflects the poor empowerment of women labours in the carpet industry

Das Niladri Bihari et all (2018) have analysed that the India controls almost 40% of worldwide export volume and U.S is the largest importer of carpet from India in previous years. The carpet manufactured here are mainly for export. The weavers are especially skilled to give the artistic form of the design with their hands to the carpet. But the maximum share of the profit is taken by the businessman and exporters. The wages which they get are so less that it makes them to leave the job and switch to other manual jobs. they said that if a social enterprises or co-operative society could be set up then they could get the justice of being paid for what the labour they do.

Research Methodology:

This study is exploratory in nature following a systematic methodology in order to fulfil my research objectives. The methodology of the study is qualitative in nature. Statistical tools t-test and crosstab are used for graphical and percentage presentation of data. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentage, graph tables are basically used for data analysis through SPSS.

In this study primary data has been used and collected through field survey with the help of schedule from the study area. Field research makes the most sense in the case of my research since interviewing labour at the working place. Due to empirical and qualitative study 2 carpet company has been chosen purposively. In first carpet company there are 20 labours and 15 labours are in 2^nd carpet company. This data has been collected during 25 September 2022 to 26 September 2022.

Socio Economic conditions of the labour:

Socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. Most colleges and universities do not have a separate department or degree for socioeconomic studies. Socioeconomics typically analyses both the social impacts of economic activity and economic consequences of social activity. The goal of socioeconomic study is generally to bring about socioeconomic development, usually in terms of improvements such as health, decision making power, education, income, life expectancy, literacy, level of employment etc. Here socio-economic conditions of labour in these 2-carpet company have been analysed through using of SPSS.

Table 1: Gender wise distribution of working labour in the carpet industry

Gender of workers		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
	male	20	57	57.1
	fem ale	15	43	42.9
	Total	35	100	100.0

Source- field survey

The above table shows gender wise distribution of labour in the carpet industry. There are 20 male and 15 female workers in out of total 35 labours. This table has shown the male and female workers are almost near to be equal in numbers. And female workers have also played a very important role in this industry.

Table 2: Age wise distribution of workers:

15-16	5	13.5	14.3	14.3
16-25	4	10.8	11.4	25.7
25-40	12	32.4	34.3	60.0
40-60	12	32.4	34.3	94.3
more than 60	2	5.4	5.7	100.0
Total	35	94.6	100.0

Source- field survey

This table shows that there are 12 workers age of 25 – 40 years and also 40 - 60 years age there are 12 workers. and few people age more than 60 are engaged in this industry as a labour. 68% of total labour are lie at the age of 25 to 60 years. But the remarkable point is here that the younger labour whose age is just 15 to 16 years are also working although the age of this workers is not suitable for working at the working site but they are still working instead of reading at the home. This table shows that the younger are generally involved as data shows just 15 to 16 years old girl/boys has 13% share of workers on the other hand there are 68% workers come under 25 to 60 years old.

Table 3: Religion distribution of the workers:

	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Hindu	17	48	48.6	48.6
Muslim	18	52	51.4	100.0
Total	35	100.0	100.0

Source – field survey

This table has shown that the Muslim people worked more rather than Hindu religion.

Table 4: Category wise distribution of workers:

Category	Frequency	Percent	Valid percent
General	5	14	14
OBC	25	72	72
SC	5	14	14
total	35	100.0	100.0

Source- Field survey

The above table shows that most of workers are related to OBC category and few people related to general category and SC category.

Table 5: marital status of the workers

	Frequency	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
married	25	71.4	71.4
unmarried	8	22.9	94.3
widow	2	5.7	100.0
Total	35	100.0

Source – field survey

Table 5 shows marital status of labors . In which mostaly labors (71%) are married.

Table 6: Educational status of the workers

	Frequency	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Illiterate	18	51.4	51.4
primary	7	20.0	71.4
secondary	7	20.0	91.4
higher education	3	8.6	100.0
Total	35	100.0

Source- field survey.

The above table shows that maximum workers are illiterate that is 51.4% of the total labour. And few labour are higher educated (only graduation) that is 8.6% of the total.

Table 8: Number of working days in a month:

No. of working days	Frequency	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
less than 15 days	3	8.6	8.6
20-25	22	62.9	71.4
25-28	10	28.6	100.0
Total	35	100.0

Source- field survey.

Table 9 shows that 22 workers get 20-25 days employment and 10 workers get 10 days employment and 3 workers get less than 15 days employment in a month. these 3 workers get less than 15 days employment, generally they done chundhii bandhaii work and final cutting and washing carpet and rugs after finishing the carpet that is why they do not get regularly work. And those workers whose got 25-28 days’ work generally weaving the carpet and rugs. Workers who got 20-25 days’ work, they opening Kathi.

Above table shows that 5 male workers got Rs. 4000-6000 per month and on the other hands only 1 female worker got Rs. 4000-6000. The workers who got Rs. 4000-6000 per month generally they weaving and designing the carpet. And those workers who got Rs. 2000-per month, they done washing, cutting of the carpet. Types of work like washing and cutting there are no female workers engaged in this. Workers who got Rs. 500-2000 per month they opening kathi and done penchaii work of the carpet after finishing the it. In this type of work female workers are mostly engaged. workers who got Rs. 100-500 per month generally they done chundii bandhaii and cutting the waste of threads of carpet for giving its good and final look and they got Rs. 15 per square fit of carpet and mostly younger girls/boys are engaged in this work.

Table 11: Independent sample t- test

	t-test for equality of means
Monthly Income	T	Df	P- value	Mean difference	Standard error difference
Monthly Income	3.786	33	0.001	1.58333	.41826

From above table 11 it can be seen that the P value is 0.001 which is significant. So H0 (Null hypothesis) is rejected and H1 (Alternate hypothesis) is accepted. It means there is significant difference between income generation of male and female workers in the carpet industry. Women workers get less income as compare to male workers because of their skill. Generally, they do open Kathi, penchai of carpet at the finishing of carpet, chaundi badhaii like this and all of this work has paid by less rupee on the other hand male workers are skilled they are weaving carpet and get more income as compare to female workers. But now female workers are being skilled as passing of time but the number is not good, only few female workers know weaving carpet although they shared 40% of work in this industry.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS:

Yet carpet industry flourished in India and keep major part of the share of carpet export all over the word. But due to lack of demand, labor got very low wages therefore they stopped making carpet. The reason of their low wages is mainly the skill. Most of them workers are not skilled and unskilled work do not improve the business. Therefore, government should play an important role in carpet manufacturing. Different kind of training center should be opened and also government should give the assistance to the entrepreneurs as cut in tax rate and gave subsidy. Although many training programmed has been running but due to lack of awareness and knowledge they didn’t improve their skill. Therefore GOV. should take step to trained them and made them skilled to compete the market.

REFERENCE:

1. M. Malik Rashid, Prasad Rekha (2015), “Indian Carpet Industry after Trade Liberalization.” Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 2015; 1(3): 79-87. ISSN 2393-4913, ISSN online 2457-5836.

2. Gite Priyanka, Roy Chinmay kumar (2014), “Exports Market’s Segmentation, Performance, and Marketing of Indian Carpet Industry: A BCG Matrix Approach.” Pacific Business Review International, 2014; 6(11).

3. Hasen A, Rossel P.D. (2012), “Children Working in the Carpet Industry of Pakistan: Prevalence and condition.” ICF International.

4. Das Niladri Bihari, Sharma Rohit kumar, Pandey Anand and Narayan Badri G, (2018) “The Existence of Carpet Industry in Bhadohi, India.” CRIMSON PUBLISHER, ISSN 2578-0271. The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis Volume XIII, Issue II, February/2021 ISSN NO:0886-9367 Page No:608

5. Shazli Tasneen, Munir Prof. Abdul,(2014), “Female Work Participation in Handloom Industry – A Case study of Mubarakpur Town, Azamagrh District, U.P.” Journal of Education and Social Policy vol.1; June 2014.

6. Ferdoos Amber,(2005), Social Status of Rural and Urban Working Women in Pakistan: A Comparative study.”

7. Sulatan Dr. Fatima Mehar, Mehrun Nisa, “Socio Economic Condition of Powerloom Weavers :A Case Study of Mau City.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN online:2319-7722, ISSN:2319-7714 www.ijhssi.org||volume.

8. Saudagar Heena, Zeeshan Mohd, Sharma Shrikant,(2017), “Women’s Decision Making and Mobility in Carpet Industry :Study of Bhadohi District .”

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10. Nasarat Sayed, Karimi Abdul Tamim, (“The Afgan Carpet Indusrty: Issue and Challenges.”)

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14. http://www.india-carpet.com

15. http://www.emergingbhadohi.com 16. Carpet Export promotion council.

Received on 10.11.2022 Modified on 26.11.2022

Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2022; 13(4):263-266.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2022.00042

		Monthly income						Total
		100-500	500-1000	1000-2000	2000-3000	4000-6000	Up to 6000	Total
Sex	Male	2	2	4	6	5	1	20
Sex	fem ale	3	10	1	0	1	0	15
Total		5	12	5	6	6	1	35